Toaster and Sandwich toaster
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A toaster is a small, electric kitchen appliance designed to toast
bread, an act also known as 'making toast.' Prior to the development
of the electric toaster, bread was sometimes toasted by placing it
in a metal frame and holding it over a fire. Modern toasters are
typically one of two varieties. First are pop-up toasters, in which
bread is inserted vertically into slots (generally only large enough
to admit a single slice of bread) on the top of the toaster. A lever
on the side of the toaster is depressed, activating the toaster.
When an internal device determines that the toasting cycle is
complete, the toaster turns off and the toast pops up out of the
slots. The heating elements of a pop-up toaster are oriented
vertically, parallel to the bread. |
Second are toaster ovens, which are electric ovens with a door on
one side and a tray within. To toast bread with a toaster oven, one
lays down slices of bread horizontally on the tray, closes the door,
and activates the toaster, usually by means of a lever. When the
toast is done, the toaster turns off, but the door must be opened
manually. Toaster ovens are capable of performing most of the
functions of ordinary ovens, but on a much smaller scale.
In the past, the completion of the toasting operation was determined
by a mechanical timer; the user could adjust the running time of the
timer to determine the degree of "doneness" of the toast, but the
first cycle produced less toasted toast than subsequent cycles
because the toaster was not yet warmed up. Newer toasters use a
thermal device in close proximity to the toast. This allows the
first cycle to run longer than subsequent cycles. The thermal device
is also slightly responsive to the actual temperature of the toast
itself. Like the timer, it can be adjusted by the user to determine
the doneness of the toast.
As with so many home appliances, the fanciest toaster ovens now use
computer controls instead of electromechanical controls. Toasters
are usually freestanding, counter-top appliances, although some
toaster ovens may be hung beneath cabinets. If toast is stuck in a
toaster (which is more likely to happen with a pop-up toaster) it is
highly recommended that one does not attempt to free it by inserting
metal objects such as knives, due to the risk of electric shock. The
technology that makes electric toasters possible, a nichrome wire
that can endure high heat for a long time, was developed by Albert
Marsh in 1905. At least two other brands of toasters had been
introduced commercially around the time GE submitted the first
patent application for their model D-12 in 1909.
The pop-up toaster, which ejects the toast after toasting it, was
patented by Charles Strite in 1919. In 1925, using a redesigned
version of Strite's toaster, the Waters Genter Company introduced
the Toastmaster, the first automatic pop-up, household toaster that
could brown bread on both sides simultaneously, set the heating
element on a timer, and eject the toast when finished. More recent
additions to toaster technology include the ability to toast frozen
bread, automatic toast lowering with no lever to push, a mode to
toast the cut side of a bagel only, separate operation levers to
allow users to toast either two or four slices, and reheating
functions which allow toast to be warmed without being burned.
In 2001 Robin Southgate from Brunel University in England created a
toaster that could toast the weather prediction (limited to sunny or
cloudy) onto a piece of toast. The toaster dials a pre-coded phone
number to get the weather forecast A sandwich toaster (or toasted
sandwich maker, also jaffle iron in Australia and South Africa,
quixie iron or quicksie iron in New Zealand; also sometimes known by
the brand name Breville) is an electrical appliance used to toast
sandwiches. Ordinary kitchen units generally consist of indented hot
plates, clamped together around the sandwich. Usually two sandwiches
can be toasted at a time. The plates are heated by electrical coils
inside the appliance. Usually the exterior is somewhat separate from
these to ensure the outside of the unit does not get too hot.
Some of the earliest such household appliances were made by Breville,
still used as a generic term in some parts of the world. Industrial
units range from those similar to the kitchen appliance (squashing
or clamping the sandwich) to grilling units, which use dry heat to
toast the bread. Paninis are often made using equipment similar to
sandwich toasters. In South Africa, these appliances are sometimes
called Snackwiches, after a once popular brand of sandwich toaster.
Toasted sandwiches are also known as "toasties", or also in
Australia and South Africa as "jaffles".
The original Australian and South African jaffle iron was smaller,
the same size as a slice of bread from a square loaf, designed to
use in a fire, on a stove or gas ring. This was especially useful
for outdoor cooking popular in both countries. The iron was made in
two parts, identical except the edge where they hooked together.
Long handles enabled the two parts to be firmly clamped together,
and to be inserted in a fire or stove easily. The jaffle has always
been a popular snack in Australia and South Africa, originally
developed as an easy means to reheat leftover food, or to add to a
worker's lunch bag. |
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